England / Winchester Penny Aethelred II (978-1016) Last Small Cross type VF

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Obv: +ÆĐELRÆD RÆX ANGL
Rev: +GΘDMAN ΘN: PINCS:

Æthelred II's Last Small Cross Penny from Winchester: A Numismatic and Historical Insight

Introduction

This coin, a Penny from the reign of Æthelred II, known as the Last Small Cross type, was minted in Winchester. Graded as Very Fine (VF), it holds catalog numbers S# 1154 and N# 777. Made of silver with a weight of 1.29 grams, its obverse reads "+ÆĐELRÆD RÆX ANGL", translating to "Æthelred, King of the English", while the reverse features "+GΘDMAN ΘN: PINCS", indicating the moneyer Godman in Winchester.

Historical Context

Æthelred II, often called Æthelred the Unready, was King of England from 978 to 1016. His rule was marked by persistent Viking raids which necessitated the payment of Danegeld, a tribute to buy peace. The period was characterized by political turmoil, with England struggling against external threats, which is reflected in the coinage of the time. The Last Small Cross type is one of the later issues of Æthelred's reign, dating from approximately 1009 to 1017.

Numismatic Details

Obverse: Displays a diademed and draped bust of Æthelred facing left, a style consistent with this coin type. The legend "+ÆĐELRÆD RÆX ANGL" encapsulates his title. The use of "ANGL" instead of "ANGLOR" or a similar variant shows the variation in spelling that could occur due to different die-cutters or regional practices.
Reverse: Features a small cross pattée in the center, with the legend "+GΘDMAN ΘN: PINCS", naming the moneyer Godman and indicating Winchester as the mint location. The use of theta (Θ) in place of "O" or "U" reflects either a stylistic choice or a regional dialect in spelling during the period.
Material and Weight: Silver was the standard material for pennies of this era, with the weight here being slightly under the common standard but within acceptable limits, considering the variations due to minting technology and wear.

Economic and Cultural Significance

This coin type was part of Æthelred's effort to reform the currency amidst Viking incursions, introducing designs meant to be less susceptible to clipping (a form of debasement where edges of coins were shaved for their silver). The Last Small Cross pennies were widely circulated and often found in hoards, indicating the economic practices of the time where coins were both a medium of exchange and a means of safeguarding wealth during uncertain times.

Numismatic Importance

For numismatists, this coin provides insight into the late Anglo-Saxon monetary system, where local mints played a crucial role in currency production. The coin's condition and details offer clues about the minting techniques, the regional variations in design, and the socio-economic conditions under Æthelred's rule.

Conclusion

The Last Small Cross Penny of Æthelred II from Winchester is not merely a piece of silver currency but a historical document. It captures the essence of a kingdom at a crossroads, facing external invasion while trying to maintain economic stability. Its fine grade allows for a clear study of the artistry involved in its creation and serves as a physical reminder of a tumultuous chapter in English history where every coin told a story of survival, adaptation, and resilience.

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